Bicarbonate
The blood value of bicarbonate is one of several indicators of the state of acid-base physiology in the body.
Bilirubin (Total, Direct & Indirect)
Bilirubin test is conducted to assess liver disorders, most commonly in case of jaundice.
Bleeding Time (BT)/Clotting Time (CT)
The BT test helps identify people who have defects in their platelet function. This is the ability of blood to clot following a wound or trauma. Clotting time is used to assess deficiency of coagulation factors; however it is not very sensitive unless the levels are very low; thus CT has become an obsolete test. The BT and CT tests are sometimes performed as a preoperative test to determine a patient’s likely bleeding response during and after surgery.
Blood Culture & Sensitivity
Blood culture test is conducted when you have signs or symptoms of a bacterial infection, such as fever, chills, elevated white blood cell count, and fatigue, which also may be a sign of infection occurring in other parts of the body, such as a urinary tract infection (UTI), pneumonia, diarrhea, or skin infection.
Blood Grouping (ABO Rh)
Blood group test is conducted to assess one’s type of group i.e. either A, B, AB or O (which can be either positive or negative). Blood group is a prerequisite for any surgical procedures, blood donation, blood transfusions, pregnancy etc.
Blood Sugar (Glucose) Test
This test is done to determine the level of sugar in the blood. It is advisable to do this test fasting (8-10 hrs) and then post meal (exactly 2 hrs after completion of meal). High blood sugar indicates that you are a diabetic.
Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN)/Urea
BUN is useful in evaluation of renal disease, and nutritional status. Urea synthesis is dependant on daily protein intake and protein metabolism. BUN and Creatinine tests are normally done together for differential diagnosis of kidney function.
Bone Profile
- Alkaline Phosphatase
- Phosphorus
- Total Proteins
- Albumin
- Globulin
- A:G Ratio
Beta 2-Glycoprotein 1 IgG
Beta 2 glycoprotein 1 functions as a co factor for the binding of antibodies to the phospholipid cardiolipin. The determination of antibodies against Beta 2 glycoprotein1 in APS patients achieves diagnostic significance through the possibility of improving the prognosis of thromboembolic complications.
Beta 2 glycoprotein1 antibodies are only found in the case of autoimmune diseases, whereas antibodies against cardiolipin can be detected in APS and in certain infections (syphilis, boreliosis, AIDS, hepatitis, tuberculosis). Detection of Beta 2 glycoprotein1 antibodies provides a serological aid for the differentiation of autoimmune diseases from infections.
Beta 2-Glycoprotein 1 IgM
Beta 2 glycoprotein 1 functions as a co factor for the binding of antibodies to the phospholipid cardiolipin. The determination of antibodies against Beta 2 glycoprotein1 in APS patients achieves diagnostic significance through the possibility of improving the prognosis of thromboembolic complications.
Beta 2 glycoprotein1 antibodies are only found in the case of autoimmune diseases, whereas antibodies against cardiolipin can be detected in APS and in certain infections (syphilis, boreliosis, AIDS, hepatitis, tuberculosis). Detection of Beta 2 glycoprotein1 antibodies provides a serological aid for the differentiation of autoimmune diseases from infections.
CA 19-9
CA 19-9 is not sensitive or specific enough to be considered useful as a tool for cancer screening. Its main use is as a tumor marker:
- to help differentiate between cancer of the pancreas and bile ducts and other non-cancerous conditions, such as pancreatitis;
- to monitor a patient’s response to pancreatic cancer treatment; and
- to watch for pancreatic cancer recurrence.
CA 19-9 can only be used as a marker if the cancer is producing elevated amounts of it; if CA 19-9 is not initially elevated, then it usually cannot be used later as a marker.
CA-125
This test helps to monitor treatment for ovarian cancer, before starting therapy for ovarian cancer or if at high risk for developing ovarian cancer, and at intervals during and after treatment. CA-125 levels may also be high in other types of non-cancerous conditions, including menstruation, pregnancy, and pelvic inflammatory disease.
Calcium
Measurement of calcium is used in the diagnosis and treatment of a variety of bone diseases, parathyroid disease and chronic renal (kidney) disease. Low calcium causes intermittent muscular contractions and spasms, whereas, high calcium muscle weakness along with other complex symptoms.
Carbamezepine
Carbamazepine is a drug that is primarily used to treat certain seizure disorders (also called epilepsy) but is also prescribed to stabilize the moods of people with bipolar disease and to help alleviate some types of nerve pain. The carbamazepine test is used to measure and monitor the amount of carbamazepine in the blood to determine whether the level of drug is within the therapeutic range.
Cardiolipin IgG
Anti Cardiolipin IgG test is performed for the detection of clinical complications associated with the occurrence of anti-phospholipid syndrome: venous and arterial thrombosis, thrombocytopenia, spontaneous abortion, still births and premature births; involvement of central nervous system; early signs of bone necrosis; pulmonary hypertonia.
Cardiolipin IgM
Anti Cardiolipin IgM test is performed for the detection of clinical complications associated with the occurrence of anti-phospholipid syndrome: venous and arterial thrombosis, thrombocytopenia, spontaneous abortion, still births and premature births; involvement of central nervous system; early signs of bone necrosis; pulmonary hypertonia.
CCP-Ab (Cyclic Citrullinated Peptide Antibody)
CCP test along with an RF test helps in the diagnoses of inflammatory arthritis. It may be ordered as a follow-up test to a negative RF test when clinical signs, such as symmetrical joint pain and inflammation, lead the doctor to suspect RA.
CEA (Carcinoembryonic Antigen)
Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) is a protein that is found in embryonic tissues. By the time a baby is born, detectable levels in the blood disappear. In adults, CEA is normally present at very low levels in blood. When the concentration of CEA is elevated, it may indicate that a cancer is present. However, an increase in CEA may also be due to benign conditions.
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis may be used to help diagnose a wide variety of diseases and conditions affecting the central nervous system (CNS). They may be divided into four main categories:
- Infectious diseases such as meningitis and encephalitis-testing is used to determine if the cause is bacterial, tuberculous, fungal or viral, and to distinguish it from other conditions; may also be used to detect infections of or near the spinal cord or to investigate a fever of unknown origin.
- Bleeding (hemorrhaging) within the brain or skull.
- Diseases that cause inflammation or other immune responses.
- Tumors located within the CNS (primary) or metastatic cancer.
Chikungunya IgM
This test is used for the detection of chikungunya disease which is caused by Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) transmitted to humans by virus-carrying Aedes mosquitoes. The incubation period of Chikungunya disease is from two to four days. Symptoms of the disease include a fever up to 40 °C (104 °F), a petechial or maculopapular rash of the trunk and occasionally the limbs, and arthralgia or arthritis affecting multiple joints.
Other nonspecific symptoms can include headache, conjunctival infection, and slight photophobia. Typically, the fever lasts for two days and then ends abruptly. However, other symptoms, namely joint pain, intense headache, insomnia and an extreme degree of prostration last for a variable period; usually for about 5 to 7 days. Patients have complained of joint pains for much longer time periods depending on their age.
Chloride
Chloride is an electrolyte that is significantly involved in maintenance of water distribution and osmotic pressure. Surplus chloride is excreted in the urine and is also lost in the sweat.
Cholesterol
Cholesterol is an important risk factor for development of heart disease. The higher the cholesterol level the greater the risk for developing heart disease, and lowering high cholesterol levels reduces the risk.
Coagulation Profile
- CBC
- Bleeding Time
- Clotting Time
- PT/PIP
- TT
Complete Blood Count/CBC
The CBC is used as a broad screening test to check for disorders as anemia, infection, and many other diseases. It is actually a panel of tests that examines different parts of the blood and includes the following:
- Hemoglobin (Hb)
- White Blood Cell Count (WBC)
- Red Blood Cell Count (RBC)
- Platelet Count
- Hematocrit (HCT)/Packed Cell Volume (PCV)
- Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV)
- Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin (MCH)
- Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration (MCHC)
Conjunctival Smear
Smear collected with the help of a sterile cotton swab from the conjunctiva is used to assess any bacterial infection prior to cataract surgery.
Cortisol
The hormone is secreted in a daily pattern, rising in the early morning, peaking around 8 am, and declining in the evening. This pattern, which is sometimes called the “diurnal variation” or “circadian rhythm,” changes if you work irregular shifts (such as the night shift) and sleep at different times of the day. This test is therefore performed between 8 to 10 am and again between 4 to 6 pm. Inadequate amounts of cortisol can cause nonspecific symptoms such as weight loss, muscle weakness, fatigue, low blood pressure, and abdominal pain. Sometimes decreased production combined with a stress can cause an adrenal crisis that requires immediate medical attention.
C-Peptide
CMV IgM and IgG antibody testing may be used to help diagnose primary CMV infection in young adults, pregnant women, and some immune-compromised patients with flu- or mononucleosis-like symptoms. By comparing the absence or presence of both IgG and IgM in the same sample, the doctor can distinguish between primary, latent, and reactivated CMV in symptomatic patients.
CPK Total & CK-MB
Measurement of CPK is useful in the diagnosis of suspected myocardial infarction (damage to heart muscles) and is a very sensitive indicator of skeletal muscle damage. Both CPK total and CK-MB activity rises in myocardial damage. A CK-MB fraction more than 6% of the total CPK activity is regarded as diagnostic for myocardial infarction. A fraction of less than 6% indicates skeletal muscle damage.
Creatinine
Creatinine production is proportional to muscle mass and varies little from day to day. Measurement of creatinine is used in the diagnosis and treatment of renal (kidney) disease and in monitoring renal dialysis.
CRP (C-Reactive Protein)
CRP measurement is useful in non-specific screening for inflammatory and infectious disorders. It may increase dramatically in inflammatory conditions.